vec_locate_matches() is similar to vec_match(), but detects all matches by default, and can match on conditions other than equality (like >= and <). There are also various other arguments to limit or adjust exactly which kinds of matches are returned. Here is an example:

x <- c("a", "b", "a", "c", "d")
y <- c("d", "b", "a", "d", "a", "e")

# For each value of x, find all matches in y
# - The "c" in x doesn't have a match, so it gets an NA location by default
# - The "e" in y isn't matched by anything in x, so it is dropped by default
vec_locate_matches(x, y)
#>   needles haystack
#> 1       1        3
#> 2       1        5
#> 3       2        2
#> 4       3        3
#> 5       3        5
#> 6       4       NA
#> 7       5        1
#> 8       5        4

## Algorithm description

### Overview and ==

The simplest (approximate) way to think about the algorithm that df_locate_matches_recurse() uses is that it sorts both inputs, and then starts at the midpoint in needles and uses a binary search to find each needle in haystack. Since there might be multiple of the same needle, we find the location of the lower and upper duplicate of that needle to handle all duplicates of that needle at once. Similarly, if there are duplicates of a matching haystack value, we find the lower and upper duplicates of the match.

If the condition is ==, that is pretty much all we have to do. For each needle, we then record 3 things: the location of the needle, the location of the lower match in the haystack, and the match size (i.e. loc_upper_match - loc_lower_match + 1). This later gets expanded in expand_compact_indices() into the actual output.

After recording the matches for a single needle, we perform the same procedure on the LHS and RHS of that needle (remember we started on the midpoint needle). i.e. from [1, loc_needle-1] and [loc_needle+1, size_needles], again taking the midpoint of those two ranges, finding their respective needle in the haystack, recording matches, and continuing on to the next needle. This iteration proceeds until we run out of needles.

When we have a data frame with multiple columns, we add a layer of recursion to this. For the first column, we find the locations of the lower/upper duplicate of the current needle, and we find the locations of the lower/upper matches in the haystack. If we are on the final column in the data frame, we record the matches, otherwise we pass this information on to another call to df_locate_matches_recurse(), bumping the column index and using these refined lower/upper bounds as the starting bounds for the next column.

I think an example would be useful here, so below I step through this process for a few iterations:

# these are sorted already for simplicity
needles <- data_frame(x = c(1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3), y = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3))
haystack <- data_frame(x = c(1, 1, 2, 2, 3), y = c(2, 3, 4, 4, 1))

needles
#>   x y
#> 1 1 1
#> 2 1 2
#> 3 2 3
#> 4 2 4
#> 5 2 5
#> 6 3 3

haystack
#>   x y
#> 1 1 2
#> 2 1 3
#> 3 2 4
#> 4 2 4
#> 5 3 1

## Column 1, iteration 1

# start at midpoint in needles
# this corresponds to x==2
loc_mid_needles <- 3L

# finding all x==2 values in needles gives us:
loc_lower_duplicate_needles <- 3L
loc_upper_duplicate_needles <- 5L

# finding matches in haystack give us:
loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 4L

# compute LHS/RHS bounds for next needle
lhs_loc_lower_bound_needles <- 1L # original lower bound
lhs_loc_upper_bound_needles <- 2L # lower_duplicate-1

rhs_loc_lower_bound_needles <- 6L # upper_duplicate+1
rhs_loc_upper_bound_needles <- 6L # original upper bound

# We still have a 2nd column to check. So recurse and pass on the current
# duplicate and match bounds to start the 2nd column with.

## Column 2, iteration 1

# midpoint of [3, 5]
# value y==4
loc_mid_needles <- 4L

loc_lower_duplicate_needles <- 4L
loc_upper_duplicate_needles <- 4L

loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 4L

# last column, so record matches
# - this was location 4 in needles
# - lower match in haystack is at loc 3
# - match size is 2

# Now handle LHS and RHS of needle midpoint
lhs_loc_lower_bound_needles <- 3L # original lower bound
lhs_loc_upper_bound_needles <- 3L # lower_duplicate-1

rhs_loc_lower_bound_needles <- 5L # upper_duplicate+1
rhs_loc_upper_bound_needles <- 5L # original upper bound

## Column 2, iteration 2 (using LHS bounds)

# midpoint of [3,3]
# value of y==3
loc_mid_needles <- 3L

loc_lower_duplicate_needles <- 3L
loc_upper_duplicate_needles <- 3L

# no match! no y==3 in haystack for x==2
# lower-match will always end up > upper-match in this case
loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 2L

# no LHS or RHS needle values to do, so we are done here

## Column 2, iteration 3 (using RHS bounds)

# same as above, range of [5,5], value of y==5, which has no match in haystack

## Column 1, iteration 2 (LHS of first x needle)

# Now we are done with the x needles from [3,5], so move on to the LHS and RHS
# of that. Here we would do the LHS:

# midpoint of [1,2]
loc_mid_needles <- 1L

# ...

## Column 1, iteration 3 (RHS of first x needle)

# midpoint of [6,6]
loc_mid_needles <- 6L

# ...

In the real code, rather than comparing the double values of the columns directly, we replace each column with pseudo "joint ranks" computed between the i-th column of needles and the i-th column of haystack. It is approximately like doing vec_rank(vec_c(needles$x, haystack$x), type = "dense"), then splitting the resulting ranks back up into their corresponding needle/haystack columns. This keeps the recursion code simpler, because we only have to worry about comparing integers.

### Non-equi conditions and containers

At this point we can talk about non-equi conditions like < or >=. The general idea is pretty simple, and just builds on the above algorithm. For example, start with the x column from needles/haystack above:

needles$x #> [1] 1 1 2 2 2 3 haystack$x
#> [1] 1 1 2 2 3

If we used a condition of <=, then we'd do everything the same as before:

• Midpoint in needles is location 3, value x==2

• Find lower/upper duplicates in needles, giving locations [3, 5]

• Find lower/upper exact match in haystack, giving locations [3, 4]

At this point, we need to "adjust" the haystack match bounds to account for the condition. Since haystack is ordered, our "rule" for <= is to keep the lower match location the same, but extend the upper match location to the upper bound, so we end up with [3, 5]. We know we can extend the upper match location because every haystack value after the exact match should be less than the needle. Then we just record the matches and continue on normally.

This approach is really nice, because we only have to exactly match the needle in haystack. We don't have to compare each needle against every value in haystack, which would take a massive amount of time.

However, it gets slightly more complex with data frames with multiple columns. Let's go back to our original needles and haystack data frames and apply the condition <= to each column. Here is another worked example, which shows a case where our "rule" falls apart on the second column.

needles
#>   x y
#> 1 1 1
#> 2 1 2
#> 3 2 3
#> 4 2 4
#> 5 2 5
#> 6 3 3

haystack
#>   x y
#> 1 1 2
#> 2 1 3
#> 3 2 4
#> 4 2 4
#> 5 3 1

# condition = c("<=", "<=")

## Column 1, iteration 1

# x == 2
loc_mid_needles <- 3L

loc_lower_duplicate_needles <- 3L
loc_upper_duplicate_needles <- 5L

# finding exact matches in haystack give us:
loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 4L

# because haystack is ordered we know we can expand the upper bound automatically
# to include everything past the match. i.e. needle of x==2 must be less than
# the haystack value at loc 5, which we can check by seeing that it is x==3.
loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 5L

## Column 2, iteration 1

# needles range of [3, 5]
# y == 4
loc_mid_needles <- 4L

loc_lower_duplicate_needles <- 4L
loc_upper_duplicate_needles <- 4L

# finding exact matches in haystack give us:
loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 4L

# lets try using our rule, which tells us we should be able to extend the upper
# bound:
loc_lower_match_haystack <- 3L
loc_upper_match_haystack <- 5L

# but the haystack value of y at location 5 is y==1, which is not less than y==4
# in the needles! looks like our rule failed us.

If you read through the above example, you'll see that the rule didn't work here. The problem is that while haystack is ordered (by vec_order()s standards), each column isn't ordered independently of the others. Instead, each column is ordered within the "group" created by previous columns. Concretely, haystack here has an ordered x column, but if you look at haystack$y by itself, it isn't ordered (because of that 1 at the end). That is what causes the rule to fail. haystack #> x y #> 1 1 2 #> 2 1 3 #> 3 2 4 #> 4 2 4 #> 5 3 1 To fix this, we need to create haystack "containers" where the values within each container are all totally ordered. For haystack that would create 2 containers and look like: haystack[1:4,] #> # A tibble: 4 × 2 #> x y #> <dbl> <dbl> #> 1 1 2 #> 2 1 3 #> 3 2 4 #> 4 2 4 haystack[5,] #> # A tibble: 1 × 2 #> x y #> <dbl> <dbl> #> 1 3 1 This is essentially what computing_nesting_container_ids() does. You can actually see these ids with the helper, compute_nesting_container_info(): haystack2 <- haystack # we really pass along the integer ranks, but in this case that is equivalent # to converting our double columns to integers haystack2$x <- as.integer(haystack2$x) haystack2$y <- as.integer(haystack2\$y)

info <- compute_nesting_container_info(haystack2, condition = c("<=", "<="))

# the ids are in the second slot.
# container ids break haystack into [1, 4] and [5, 5].
info[[2]]
#> [1] 0 0 0 0 1

So the idea is that for each needle, we look in each haystack container and find all the matches, then we aggregate all of the matches once at the end. df_locate_matches_with_containers() has the job of iterating over the containers.

Computing totally ordered containers can be expensive, but luckily it doesn't happen very often in normal usage.

• If there are all == conditions, we don't need containers (i.e. any equi join)

• If there is only 1 non-equi condition and no conditions after it, we don't need containers (i.e. most rolling joins)

• Otherwise the typical case where we need containers is if we have something like date >= lower, date <= upper. Even so, the computation cost generally scales with the number of columns in haystack you compute containers with (here 2), and it only really slows down around 4 columns or so, which I haven't ever seen a real life example of.